WebAbstract This study sought to determine risk and protective factors related to COVID-19 pandemic-specific post-traumatic stress disorder in university students. The uncertainty about what comes next. Correlation analyses (see Table 1) revealed significant and positive correlations between four PsyCap HERO dimensions (i.e., hope, self-efficacy, resilience, and optimism; Avey, Avolio et al., 2011) and the six PERMA elements (i.e., positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment, and physical health; Butler & Kern, 2016). Good relationships, good performance: The mediating role of psychological capital: A three-wave study among students. (2013). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Therefore, this Web-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among university students from These feelings are normal. School child wearing face mask during corona virus and flu outbreak. A variety of free online assessments are also available for use by counselors, including tools that measure well-being, positive psychological resources, and character strengths of university students in addition to existing assessment batteries. Coping Through the Coronavirus. Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. Retrospective recall may be inaccurate (Gilbert, 2007) with participants under- or overestimating their well-being. Changes in the PERMA Prior to the Onset of COVID-19 and After the Onset of COVID-19. Objectives To assess the psychological distress, anxiety, depression, coping strategies, https://www.bestcolleges.com/blog/coronavirus-survey. Flatt, A. K. (2013). It was found that nursing students have negative coping methods, such as not being able to manage time well due to constraints at home and spending too much time on the phone, internet, and computer. (2020). Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(6), 548556. This situation clearly showed the students' helplessness and difficulties with coping with this new, stressful situation, highlighted in many previous studies. Undoubtedly, the period has been stressful for nursing students. For example, optimism became the strongest predictor of overall well-being and hope emerged as a predictor of engagement, meaning, accomplishment, and physical health during the pandemic. Indeed, the emerging literature paints a bleak picture of college students experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Karen. Breathing exercises - Psychologist Dr. Karen Treisman leads you through a variety of quick, effective exercises to soothe the nervous system: Houseparty App: a free social networking service that allows groups to play games together virtually. Cluster analysis for strategies of. Thus, efficient interventions that are not likely to trigger stigma responses are helpful in this context. Universities across the country closed for in-person instruction and activities, transitioning to remote learning. Mental Health For Remote Workers: Supporting Employees And One The experiences and emotional responses of finalyear nursing students who volunteered to carry out healthcare relief tasks during the peak of the COVID19 pandemic were explored, and the coping strategies they adopted to deal with this situation were identified. Stumbling on happiness. Can I Really Be Burnt Out Because Of Working From Home? sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The main coping methods used were watching movies and listening to music (81%), playing sports (80%), praying (75%), rigorously applying social distancing measures Use of multiple social media platforms and symptoms of depression and anxiety: A nationally-representative study among U.S. young adults. Crown. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201800332, Luthans, B. C., Luthans, K. W., & Avey, J. Random House. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 679704. Coping, stress, and social resources among adults with unipolar depression. and transmitted securely. It is important to remember that not everything being said about COVID-19 is accurate. Research Question 3 https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0049. The coping strategy of active coping (mean) among students in individual program years, Fig 4. 10.3390/ijerph18010355 Healthcare workers were exposed to this highly infectious virus during the pandemic and suffered several social and psychological consequences, such as anxiety, psychological distress, and burnout. Optimism had a significant indirect effect on change in well-being compared to hope and resilience (see Table 3). Psychological capital: A review and synthesis. B., Reichard, R. J., Luthans, F., & Mhatre, K. H. (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.02.004, Avey, J. Following the biopsychosocial model of health, the goal of the current study was to predict peoples psychological well-being (PWB) during the initial lockdown phase of the pandemic and to investigate which coping strategies were most common among people with low and high The scoping review aimed to, Journal of professional nursing : official journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing. Moderate level of perceived stress is indicated among the BSc Nursing students studying in nursing colleges located in Pune, with mean perceived stress score of the students Nurses being 21.88, and the mean coping strategies score was 74.38. Trauma, recovery, and growth: Positive psychological perspectives on posttraumatic stress. Indeed, optimism and hope each uniquely predict a major proportion of variance of the change in well-being and may together help students to face an uncertain future (M. W. Gallagher & Lopez, 2009). Guarding Your Joy: Keeping Your Mental Wellness High On Your Agenda, 7 Tips For Keeping A Routine For Your Wellness, Your Employees Are Stressed: Why Digital Mental Health Solutions Are Important In These Unpredictable Times And Beyond, Social Distancing And Staying Connected Through Games, Your Feelings (About Coronavirus) Are Valid, 10 Things You Can Do Besides Watch The News, A College Students 7 Tips For Transitioning To Online Classes. Data were collected online in May and June 2020 using Qualtrics after obtaining approval from the IRBs of our respective universities. Stress Health, 31(3), 180188. There are many ways to categorize coping responses (e.g., engagement coping and disengagement coping, problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping, accommodative coping and meaning-focused coping, proactive coping). Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22(2), 127152. As a flexible learning method, most schools chose Demographic Questionnaire Key findings are that the optimism, hope, and resilience dimensions of PsyCap are significant predictors of well-being, explaining a large amount of variance, with adaptive coping being conducive to flourishing. Chronicle of Higher Education. The ongoing stress and trauma of the COVID-19 crisis can take a serious toll on our bodies: creating tense muscles, headaches, digestive issues, difficulty sleeping, and even immunity problems. Before the onset of COVID-19, 23% of the variance in well-being was explained by the PsyCap dimensions (R2 = .23, p < .001), with self-efficacy and optimism as the most significant predictors of well-being. There was however an interesting shift in the predictive role of PsyCap dimensions before and after the onset of COVID-19. International journal of mental health nursing. Its enough to let them know theyre not alone. Structural equation modeling in Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS, v23) software was used to test the mediating role of coping strategies on the relationship between PsyCap and change in PERMA scores. American Psychological Association. E = Engagement, R = Relationships, M = Meaning, A = Accomplishment, N = Negative Emotion, H = Physical Health, Some students coped with the shared trauma of the COVID-19 pandemic by focusing their energy inward and using this time for self-care, or 2021 Apr;30(2):194-201. doi: 10.1080/09638237.2021.1922636. Do something physical like dancing. * p < .05, ** p < .01. Your classmates and family members are anxious, too. These patterns are primarily driven by those with more negative experiences of the pandemic. Eat well. At a time of significant stress, promoting the highest human performance and adaptation not only helps with well-being in the midst of the challenge but also can provide a foundation for future potential for optimal well-being (Joseph & Linley, 2008). Of the final 609 participants, 73.7% (n = 449) identified as female, 22% (n = 139) identified as male, and 4.3% (n = 26) identified as non-binary. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v10i2.855, Lipson, S. K., Lattie, E. G., & Eisenberg, D. (2019). Do coping strategies play a mediating role in the relationship between PsyCap and well-being. Students use of religious coping (mean) and sources of expected support during the, Fig 8. Conclusions: Coping strategies are significant predictors for mental health Below are some resources that allow for physically distant connecting. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 339366. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227238. * p < .05, ** p < .01. Such factors as age, gender, and place of residence influenced the choice of specific strategies of coping with stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. The 14 subscales may be broadly classified into two types of responsesadaptive and problematic (Carver, 1997, p. 98). The coping strategy of positive reframing (mean) among students in individual program years, Fig 6. Correspondence may be addressed to Priscilla Rose Prasath, 501 W. Cesar E. Chavez Boulevard, Durango Building, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78207, priscilla.prasath@utsa.edu. During the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescents emerged as one of the most WebAbstract This study sought to determine risk and protective factors related to COVID-19 pandemic-specific post-traumatic stress disorder in university students. 405415). Participants were asked to complete the well-being assessment twicefirst, by responding as they recalled their well-being prior to COVID-19, and second, by responding as they reflected on their well-being during the pandemic. Data was gathered from 577 students from 17 universities. Regarding race/ethnicity, most participants identified as Caucasian (83.6%, n = 509), while the remaining participants identified as African American (5.3%, n = 32), Hispanic or Latina/o (9.5%, n = 58), American Indian (0.8%, n = 5), Asian (3.6%, n = 22), or Other (2.7%, n = 17). Journal of College Student Development, 50(1), 1934. From the Great Depression to 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina, victims of these life-shattering events have had to deal with their present circumstances and were also left with worries about how life and society would be inexorably altered in the future. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352, Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). The coping strategy of behavioral disengagement (mean) among students in individual program years, Fig 7. (2009). In general, problem-focused coping strategies, also known as adaptive coping strategies, include planning, active coping, positive reframing, acceptance, and humor (Carver & Connor-Smith, 2010). Sixty-three percent of the students were employed (n = 384) and the remaining 37% were unemployed (n = 225). Cronbachs alpha coefficients as a measure of internal consistency of the HERO subscales in the current study were highhope ( = .86), self-efficacy ( = .86), resilience ( = .73), and optimism ( = .83)consistent with the previous studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 306. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00306, Carver, C. S. (1997). Book ReviewCollege Counseling and Student Development: Theory, Practice, and Campus Collaboration, Reflections on Power From Feminist Women Counselor Educators, Evaluating the Impact of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy on Hope and Clinical Symptoms With Latine Clients, Guidelines and Recommendations for Writing a Rigorous Quantitative Methods Section in Counseling and Related Fields. -. Avey, J. Background: During COVID-19 Worry and stress fuel record drop in U.S. life satisfaction. Given findings of the relationship between PsyCap and well-being in the current study, as well as in prior research (F. Luthans et al., 2006; F. Luthans et al., 2015; McGonigal, 2015), counselors may wish to focus on developing PsyCap to help university students flourish both during the pandemic and in a post-pandemic world. The site is secure. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v8n10p102. As the students collaborated with one another, they gained greater appreciation for one anothers disciplines and unique skill sets, Johnson-Huff said. Multivariate multiple regression was carried out to understand the predictive role of PsyCap on PERMA at two time points (before and during COVID-19). Joseph, S., & Linley, P. A. Psychological Capital (PsyCap) There is robust empirical support suggesting that individuals with higher PsyCap have higher levels of performance (job and academic); satisfaction; engagement; attitudinal, behavioral, and relational outcomes; and physical and psychological health and well-being outcomes. Consistent with prior research (Avey, Reichard et al., 2011; F. Luthans & Youssef-Morgan, 2017; Youssef-Morgan & Luthans, 2015), we found that PsyCap predicted well-being. Your classmates, friends or family members may be disobeying the rules about physical distancing or doing other things that add to your stress. Simon & Schuster. If family members are distracting you, use I statements to explain the problem--Im worried about my exam next weekand work together to develop solutions. WebMike T. Docmerit is a great platform to get and share study resources, especially the resource contributed by past students and who have done similar courses. J Ment Health. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431111107810, DeWitz, S. J., Woolsey, M. L., & Walsh, W. B. Students stressed out due to coronavirus, new survey finds. Find new ways to celebrate. Below are strategies and resources that may help you cope with stress. A further consideration is that the PERMA model of well-being (Seligman, 2011) may not be associated with similar outcomes for people of other cultures and backgrounds during COVID-19. B., Avolio, B. J., & Luthans, F. (2011). Field, A. 2021. The survey link was also distributed via a national counselor education listserv, and it was shared on the authors social media platforms. PsyCap is a state-like construct that consists of four dimensions: hope (H), self-efficacy (E), resilience (R), and optimism (O), often referred to by the acronym HERO (F. Luthans et al., 2007). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. But during COVID-19, the relevance of self-efficacy in predicting PERMA elements was limited to controllable factorsrelationships, meaning, and physical healthand the predictive role of self-efficacy overall was no longer significant (see Table 2). An official website of the United States government. Research Question 2 Iasiello, M., Bartholomaeus, J., Jarden, A., & Kelly, G. (2017). WebCoping Strategies Used by Student Nurses during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Literature Review. WebMaintain adequate nutrition by eating three healthy meals per day; now is a great time to try new recipes! International Journal of Wellbeing, 10(2). (2009). You want to measure coping but your protocols too long: Consider the Brief COPE. The predictive role of hope was negligible before COVID-19. Additionally, each pillar of PERMA has been shown to be positively associated with physical health, optimal well-being, and life satisfaction and negatively correlated with depression, fatigue, anxiety, perceived stress, loneliness, and negative emotion (Butler & Kern, 2016). WebDr. Worries about sickness, finances, and isolation, coping with grief from loss, and having less outside help have made parenting more stressful. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The Leadership Quarterly, 22(2), 282294. Of course, its good to stay informed, especially about whats happening in your area. Consider recreating important events once its safe. Point-biserial correlation The predictive role of PsyCap on well-being at two time points (before and after the onset of COVID-19) was analyzed using multivariate multiple regression (see Table 2). Interestingly, using emotional support also showed a similar mediating link between resilience and PERMA, but not for the factors of loneliness and negative emotion. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 61(3), 131142. Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Fifty-four percent of the participants were undergraduate students (n = 326), and the remaining 46% were graduate students (n = 283). The effect size of the change in the scores of individual PERMA elements ranged between 12.1% and 32.5%. Instruments The neurobiology research shows us that relationships and connections are important in mitigating the effects of trauma. Fourteen conceptually differentiable coping strategies are measured by the Brief COPE (Carver, 1997): active coping, planning, using emotional support, using instrumental support, venting, positive reframing, acceptance, denial, self-blame, humor, religion, self-distraction, substance use, and behavioral disengagement. Specifically, we found coping through self-blame playing a mediating role between PERMA factors and two of the HERO dimensionsresilience and hope. Similarly, religion also tended to be an adaptive coping strategy during the pandemic. A structural equation model of achievement emotions, coping strategies and engagement-burnout in undergraduate students: A possible underlying mechanism in facets of perfectionism. The PCQ-12 (Avey, Avolio et al., 2011), the shortened version of PCQ-24 (F. Luthans et al., 2007), consists of 12 items that measure four HERO dimensions: hope (four items), self-efficacy (three items), resilience (three items), and optimism (two items), together forming the construct of psychological capital (PsyCap). These strategies can be harmful and unhealthy with regard to effectively coping with stressors. Given the ongoing repercussions of the pandemic, we recommend continued and longitudinal studies on well-being, coping strategies, and PsyCap. Another thing you cant control? Prior to exploring the role of PsyCap and coping strategies on change in well-being due to COVID-19, an initial analysis was conducted to understand the characteristics and relationships of constructs in the study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267283. OH https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.20070, Billings, A. G., & Moos, R. H. (1984). Cut through misinformation by relying on reputable sources like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization. Assessing the effects of a personal effectiveness training on psychological capital, assertiveness and self-awareness using self-other agreement. Ertosun, . G., Erdil, O., Deniz, N., & Alpkan, L. (2015). https://www.immagic.com/eLibrary/ARCHIVES/GENERAL/ACCA_US/A081007G.pdf, Teixeira RJ, Brando T, Dores AR.
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